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Dr. J. Michael Stitt
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Cultural History
IRISH GODDESSES
The Sources
Anu
Brigit
Macha (I)
Macha (II)
Macha (III)
Epona
Brigantia
 
 
THE SOURCES

The goddesses play only a small part in the male-oriented world of the Book of Invasions of Ireland and the Battle of Mag Tuired. They have a greater presence in the Dindshenchas (Place Names), as befits their localized, chthonic character.

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ANU
Anu (a variant of Danu) is described by Cormac the Glossator as mater deorum hibernensium ("mother of the gods of Ireland"). He says that "she nurtures well the gods." Her chthonic, earth-mother nature is shown in the two breast-shaped hills in Munster known as the Twin Paps of Anu.
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BRIGIT

The Irish goddess Brigit was said to be the daughter of Danu, but she was a powerful goddess in her own right, and was associated with childbirth and the festival of Imbolc (February 1). She is the Irish equivalent of the British Brigantia, whose temple had an eternal flame. With Christianization in Ireland Brigit became a saint. Said to be midwife to the Virgin Mary, her day was February 1, and her monastery at Kildare had a perpetual flame. The Christian saint was supplicated by the non-Christian act of burying a bird at the confluence of three rivers.

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MACHA (I)
Macha is a triple goddess. In one form, she is Macha, wife of Crunnchu. She is associated with Ulster, and especially the feast of Lugnasad.

Macha appears to Crunnchu and offers to be his wife; she interdicts the use of her name. While visiting King Conchobor, Crunnchu boasts that his wife Macha can outrun Conchobor's horses. She must make good on the claim even though she is pregnant. She gives birth to twins, curses the Ulstermen, and dies. Her curse is that all Ulstermen will suffer birth pains once a year.

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MACHA (II)
Another aspect of Macha is euhemerized as Macha the Red.

Three kings reign alternately over Ireland, each for 7 years. When one dies and leaves only a daughter, Macha, the other two refuse to recognize her. She defeats them and rules for 7 years. Another of the kings dies, and his 5 sons claim Ireland. Macha visits the five around a campfire in the guise of a leper. One brother observes that "the cailleach (local goddess) has beautiful eyes. Let us lie with her." She goes into the woods with each in turn, overpowering and binding each one. She forces them to build the walls of Emain Macha.

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MACHA (III)

The third, euhemerized, expression of Macha is Macha, the wife of Nemed.

It is said that Nemed cleared the Plain of Macha and "bestowed it upon his wife so that it might bear her name." Eventually, she dies there.

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THE MORRÍGNA
The Morrígna are triple goddesses of battle. They comprise The Morrígan ("Great Queen" [?]; "Queen of Phantoms" [?]), The Badb ("Crow") and either Nemain ("Panic") or Macha the Red. These are not female warrior figures, they are supernatural purveyors of terror. As mythologist Sjostedt has noted, in both fertility and war the goddesses represent natural forces and the gods represent social aspects. The Morrígna can also appear as beautiful women with a strong sexual aspect.
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MEDB
Although thoroughly euhemerized in the epic Tain bo Cuailgne, Medb is unquestionably a goddess. Analogs to the name occur in continental Gaulish, and there are two Irish Medbs, the more famous one associated with Connaught, and another originally connected with Leinster. Both Medbs had associations with the ard-rí, and both served as validators of sovereignty by marriage to them. Medb of Connaught is also, if not exactly a fertility figure, a figure of sexual abundance. The much wedded and bedded Medb had a long series of husbands and lovers, most famously husband Ailill and her overly-endowed lover Fergus mac Roech.
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