GEOL766: Earth Systems Change

Discussion T2: Thursday, Oct. 2 and Tuesday, Oct. 14 (Group 2: John & Levi): End of Permian climate and mass extinction

Suggested references: Have a glance at the reference list first and then pick up one or two from each category to cover the different hypotheses related to the P-T boundary extinction

General concept:
1. Erwin, D.H., 1994, The Permo-Triassic extinction: Nature, v. 367, p. 231-236.
2. Knoll, A.H., Bambach, R.K., Canfield, D.E., and Grotzinger, J.P., 1996, Comparative Earth History and Late Permian Mass Extinction: Science, v. 273, p. 452-457.
3. Stanley, S.M., and Powell, M.G., 2003, Depressed rates of origination and extinction during the late Paleozoic ice age: A new state for the global marine ecosystem: Geology, v. 31, p. 877-880.
4. Ward, P.D., Botha, J., Buick, R., De Kock, M.O., Erwin, D.H., Garrison, G.H., Kirschvink, J.L., and Smith, R., 2005, Abrupt and Gradual Extinction Among Late Permian Land Vertebrates in the Karoo Basin, South Africa: Science, v. 307, p. 709-714.
5. Payne, J.L., Lehrmann, D.J., Wei, J., Orchard, M.J., Schrag, D.P., and Knoll, A.H., 2004, Large Perturbations of the Carbon Cycle During Recovery from the End-Permian Extinction: Science, v. 305, p. 506-509.
6. Xie, S., Pancost, R.D., Huang, J., Wignall, P.B., Yu, J., Tang, X., Chen, L., Huang, X., and Lai, X., 2007, Changes in the global carbon cycle occurred as two episodes during the Permian-Triassic crisis: Geology, v. 35, p. 1083-1086.
7. Knoll, A.H., Bambach, R.K., Payne, J.L., Pruss, S., and Fischer, W.W., 2007, Paleophysiology and end-Permian mass extinction: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 256, p. 295-313.

Ocean anoxia:
1. Wignall, P.B., and Twitchett, R.J., 1996, Oceanic Anoxia and the End Permian Mass Extinction: Science, v. 272, p. 1155-1158.
2. Isozaki, Y., 1997, Permo-Triassic Boundary Superanoxia and Stratified Superocean: Records from Lost Deep Sea: Science, v. 276, p. 235-238.
3. Twitchett, R.J., Krystyn, L., Baud, A., Wheeley, J.R., and Richoz, S., 2004, Rapid marine recovery after the end-Permian mass-extinction event in the absence of marine anoxia: Geology, v. 32, p. 805-808.
4. Grice, K., Cao, C., Love, G.D., Bottcher, M.E., Twitchett, R.J., Grosjean, E., Summons, R.E., Turgeon, S.C., Dunning, W., and Jin, Y., 2005, Photic Zone Euxinia During the Permian-Triassic Superanoxic Event: Science, v. 307, p. 706-709.
5. Huey, R.B., and Ward, P.D., 2005, Hypoxia, Global Warming, and Terrestrial Late Permian Extinctions: Science, v. 308, p. 398-401.
6. Kump, L.R., Pavlov, A., and Arthur, M.A., 2005, Massive release of hydrogen sulfide to the surface ocean and atmosphere during intervals of oceanic anoxia: Geology, v. 33, p. 397-400.
7. Riccardi, A.L., Arthur, M.A., and Kump, L.R., 2006, Sulfur isotopic evidence for chemocline upward excursions during the end-Permian mass extinction: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 70, p. 5740-5752.
8. Meyer, K.M., Kump, L.R., and Ridgwell, A., 2008, Biogeochemical controls on photic-zone euxinia during the end-Permian mass extinction: Geology, v. 36, p. 747-750.

Bolade Impact:
1. Becker, L., Poreda, R.J., Basu, A.R., Pope, K.O., Harrison, T.M., Nicholson, C., and Iasky, R., 2004, Bedout: A Possible End-Permian Impact Crater Offshore of Northwestern Australia: Science, v. 304, p. 1469-1476.
2. Rees, P.M., 2002, Land-plant diversity and the end-Permian mass extinction: Geology, v. 30, p. 827-830.
3. Kaiho, K., Kajiwara, Y., Nakano, T., Miura, Y., Kawahata, H., Tazaki, K., Ueshima, M., Chen, Z., and Shi, G.R., 2001, End-Permian catastrophe by a bolide impact: Evidence of a gigantic release of sulfur from the mantle: Geology, v. 29, p. 815-818.

Volcanic eruption:
1. Kamo, S.L., Czamanske, G.K., Amelin, Y., Fedorenko, V.A., Davis, D.W., and Trofimov, V.R., 2003, Rapid eruption of Siberian flood-volcanic rocks and evidence for coincidence with the Permian-Triassic boundary and mass extinction at 251 Ma: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 214, p. 75-91.
2. Mundil, R., Ludwig, K.R., Metcalfe, I., and Renne, P.R., 2004, Age and Timing of the Permian Mass Extinctions: U/Pb Dating of Closed-System Zircons: Science, v. 305, p. 1760-1763.
3. Heydari, E., Arzani, N., and Hassanzadeh, J., 2008, Mantle plume: The invisible serial killer -- Application to the Permian-Triassic boundary mass extinction: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 264, p. 147-162.

Methane release:
1. Ryskin, G., 2003, Methane-driven oceanic eruptions and mass extinctions: Geology, v. 31, p. 741-744.
2. Heydari, E., and Hassanzadeh, J., 2003, Deev Jahi Model of the Permian-Triassic boundary mass extinction: a case for gas hydrates as the main cause of biological crisis on Earth: Sedimentary Geology, v. 163, p. 147–163.
3. Retallack, G.J., and Jahren, A.H., 2008, Methane Release from Igneous Intrusion of Coal during Late Permian Extinction Events: The Journal of Geology, v. 116, p. 1-20.